webbrowser.py 23 KB

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  1. #! /usr/bin/env python3
  2. """Interfaces for launching and remotely controlling Web browsers."""
  3. # Maintained by Georg Brandl.
  4. import os
  5. import shlex
  6. import shutil
  7. import sys
  8. import subprocess
  9. import threading
  10. __all__ = ["Error", "open", "open_new", "open_new_tab", "get", "register"]
  11. class Error(Exception):
  12. pass
  13. _lock = threading.RLock()
  14. _browsers = {} # Dictionary of available browser controllers
  15. _tryorder = None # Preference order of available browsers
  16. _os_preferred_browser = None # The preferred browser
  17. def register(name, klass, instance=None, *, preferred=False):
  18. """Register a browser connector."""
  19. with _lock:
  20. if _tryorder is None:
  21. register_standard_browsers()
  22. _browsers[name.lower()] = [klass, instance]
  23. # Preferred browsers go to the front of the list.
  24. # Need to match to the default browser returned by xdg-settings, which
  25. # may be of the form e.g. "firefox.desktop".
  26. if preferred or (_os_preferred_browser and name in _os_preferred_browser):
  27. _tryorder.insert(0, name)
  28. else:
  29. _tryorder.append(name)
  30. def get(using=None):
  31. """Return a browser launcher instance appropriate for the environment."""
  32. if _tryorder is None:
  33. with _lock:
  34. if _tryorder is None:
  35. register_standard_browsers()
  36. if using is not None:
  37. alternatives = [using]
  38. else:
  39. alternatives = _tryorder
  40. for browser in alternatives:
  41. if '%s' in browser:
  42. # User gave us a command line, split it into name and args
  43. browser = shlex.split(browser)
  44. if browser[-1] == '&':
  45. return BackgroundBrowser(browser[:-1])
  46. else:
  47. return GenericBrowser(browser)
  48. else:
  49. # User gave us a browser name or path.
  50. try:
  51. command = _browsers[browser.lower()]
  52. except KeyError:
  53. command = _synthesize(browser)
  54. if command[1] is not None:
  55. return command[1]
  56. elif command[0] is not None:
  57. return command[0]()
  58. raise Error("could not locate runnable browser")
  59. # Please note: the following definition hides a builtin function.
  60. # It is recommended one does "import webbrowser" and uses webbrowser.open(url)
  61. # instead of "from webbrowser import *".
  62. def open(url, new=0, autoraise=True):
  63. """Display url using the default browser.
  64. If possible, open url in a location determined by new.
  65. - 0: the same browser window (the default).
  66. - 1: a new browser window.
  67. - 2: a new browser page ("tab").
  68. If possible, autoraise raises the window (the default) or not.
  69. """
  70. if _tryorder is None:
  71. with _lock:
  72. if _tryorder is None:
  73. register_standard_browsers()
  74. for name in _tryorder:
  75. browser = get(name)
  76. if browser.open(url, new, autoraise):
  77. return True
  78. return False
  79. def open_new(url):
  80. """Open url in a new window of the default browser.
  81. If not possible, then open url in the only browser window.
  82. """
  83. return open(url, 1)
  84. def open_new_tab(url):
  85. """Open url in a new page ("tab") of the default browser.
  86. If not possible, then the behavior becomes equivalent to open_new().
  87. """
  88. return open(url, 2)
  89. def _synthesize(browser, *, preferred=False):
  90. """Attempt to synthesize a controller based on existing controllers.
  91. This is useful to create a controller when a user specifies a path to
  92. an entry in the BROWSER environment variable -- we can copy a general
  93. controller to operate using a specific installation of the desired
  94. browser in this way.
  95. If we can't create a controller in this way, or if there is no
  96. executable for the requested browser, return [None, None].
  97. """
  98. cmd = browser.split()[0]
  99. if not shutil.which(cmd):
  100. return [None, None]
  101. name = os.path.basename(cmd)
  102. try:
  103. command = _browsers[name.lower()]
  104. except KeyError:
  105. return [None, None]
  106. # now attempt to clone to fit the new name:
  107. controller = command[1]
  108. if controller and name.lower() == controller.basename:
  109. import copy
  110. controller = copy.copy(controller)
  111. controller.name = browser
  112. controller.basename = os.path.basename(browser)
  113. register(browser, None, instance=controller, preferred=preferred)
  114. return [None, controller]
  115. return [None, None]
  116. # General parent classes
  117. class BaseBrowser(object):
  118. """Parent class for all browsers. Do not use directly."""
  119. args = ['%s']
  120. def __init__(self, name=""):
  121. self.name = name
  122. self.basename = name
  123. def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
  124. raise NotImplementedError
  125. def open_new(self, url):
  126. return self.open(url, 1)
  127. def open_new_tab(self, url):
  128. return self.open(url, 2)
  129. class GenericBrowser(BaseBrowser):
  130. """Class for all browsers started with a command
  131. and without remote functionality."""
  132. def __init__(self, name):
  133. if isinstance(name, str):
  134. self.name = name
  135. self.args = ["%s"]
  136. else:
  137. # name should be a list with arguments
  138. self.name = name[0]
  139. self.args = name[1:]
  140. self.basename = os.path.basename(self.name)
  141. def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
  142. cmdline = [self.name] + [arg.replace("%s", url)
  143. for arg in self.args]
  144. try:
  145. if sys.platform[:3] == 'win':
  146. p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline)
  147. else:
  148. p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True)
  149. return not p.wait()
  150. except OSError:
  151. return False
  152. class BackgroundBrowser(GenericBrowser):
  153. """Class for all browsers which are to be started in the
  154. background."""
  155. def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
  156. cmdline = [self.name] + [arg.replace("%s", url)
  157. for arg in self.args]
  158. try:
  159. if sys.platform[:3] == 'win':
  160. p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline)
  161. else:
  162. p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True,
  163. start_new_session=True)
  164. return (p.poll() is None)
  165. except OSError:
  166. return False
  167. class UnixBrowser(BaseBrowser):
  168. """Parent class for all Unix browsers with remote functionality."""
  169. raise_opts = None
  170. background = False
  171. redirect_stdout = True
  172. # In remote_args, %s will be replaced with the requested URL. %action will
  173. # be replaced depending on the value of 'new' passed to open.
  174. # remote_action is used for new=0 (open). If newwin is not None, it is
  175. # used for new=1 (open_new). If newtab is not None, it is used for
  176. # new=3 (open_new_tab). After both substitutions are made, any empty
  177. # strings in the transformed remote_args list will be removed.
  178. remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
  179. remote_action = None
  180. remote_action_newwin = None
  181. remote_action_newtab = None
  182. def _invoke(self, args, remote, autoraise):
  183. raise_opt = []
  184. if remote and self.raise_opts:
  185. # use autoraise argument only for remote invocation
  186. autoraise = int(autoraise)
  187. opt = self.raise_opts[autoraise]
  188. if opt: raise_opt = [opt]
  189. cmdline = [self.name] + raise_opt + args
  190. if remote or self.background:
  191. inout = subprocess.DEVNULL
  192. else:
  193. # for TTY browsers, we need stdin/out
  194. inout = None
  195. p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True, stdin=inout,
  196. stdout=(self.redirect_stdout and inout or None),
  197. stderr=inout, start_new_session=True)
  198. if remote:
  199. # wait at most five seconds. If the subprocess is not finished, the
  200. # remote invocation has (hopefully) started a new instance.
  201. try:
  202. rc = p.wait(5)
  203. # if remote call failed, open() will try direct invocation
  204. return not rc
  205. except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
  206. return True
  207. elif self.background:
  208. if p.poll() is None:
  209. return True
  210. else:
  211. return False
  212. else:
  213. return not p.wait()
  214. def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
  215. if new == 0:
  216. action = self.remote_action
  217. elif new == 1:
  218. action = self.remote_action_newwin
  219. elif new == 2:
  220. if self.remote_action_newtab is None:
  221. action = self.remote_action_newwin
  222. else:
  223. action = self.remote_action_newtab
  224. else:
  225. raise Error("Bad 'new' parameter to open(); " +
  226. "expected 0, 1, or 2, got %s" % new)
  227. args = [arg.replace("%s", url).replace("%action", action)
  228. for arg in self.remote_args]
  229. args = [arg for arg in args if arg]
  230. success = self._invoke(args, True, autoraise)
  231. if not success:
  232. # remote invocation failed, try straight way
  233. args = [arg.replace("%s", url) for arg in self.args]
  234. return self._invoke(args, False, False)
  235. else:
  236. return True
  237. class Mozilla(UnixBrowser):
  238. """Launcher class for Mozilla browsers."""
  239. remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
  240. remote_action = ""
  241. remote_action_newwin = "-new-window"
  242. remote_action_newtab = "-new-tab"
  243. background = True
  244. class Netscape(UnixBrowser):
  245. """Launcher class for Netscape browser."""
  246. raise_opts = ["-noraise", "-raise"]
  247. remote_args = ['-remote', 'openURL(%s%action)']
  248. remote_action = ""
  249. remote_action_newwin = ",new-window"
  250. remote_action_newtab = ",new-tab"
  251. background = True
  252. class Galeon(UnixBrowser):
  253. """Launcher class for Galeon/Epiphany browsers."""
  254. raise_opts = ["-noraise", ""]
  255. remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
  256. remote_action = "-n"
  257. remote_action_newwin = "-w"
  258. background = True
  259. class Chrome(UnixBrowser):
  260. "Launcher class for Google Chrome browser."
  261. remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
  262. remote_action = ""
  263. remote_action_newwin = "--new-window"
  264. remote_action_newtab = ""
  265. background = True
  266. Chromium = Chrome
  267. class Opera(UnixBrowser):
  268. "Launcher class for Opera browser."
  269. remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
  270. remote_action = ""
  271. remote_action_newwin = "--new-window"
  272. remote_action_newtab = ""
  273. background = True
  274. class Elinks(UnixBrowser):
  275. "Launcher class for Elinks browsers."
  276. remote_args = ['-remote', 'openURL(%s%action)']
  277. remote_action = ""
  278. remote_action_newwin = ",new-window"
  279. remote_action_newtab = ",new-tab"
  280. background = False
  281. # elinks doesn't like its stdout to be redirected -
  282. # it uses redirected stdout as a signal to do -dump
  283. redirect_stdout = False
  284. class Konqueror(BaseBrowser):
  285. """Controller for the KDE File Manager (kfm, or Konqueror).
  286. See the output of ``kfmclient --commands``
  287. for more information on the Konqueror remote-control interface.
  288. """
  289. def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
  290. # XXX Currently I know no way to prevent KFM from opening a new win.
  291. if new == 2:
  292. action = "newTab"
  293. else:
  294. action = "openURL"
  295. devnull = subprocess.DEVNULL
  296. try:
  297. p = subprocess.Popen(["kfmclient", action, url],
  298. close_fds=True, stdin=devnull,
  299. stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull)
  300. except OSError:
  301. # fall through to next variant
  302. pass
  303. else:
  304. p.wait()
  305. # kfmclient's return code unfortunately has no meaning as it seems
  306. return True
  307. try:
  308. p = subprocess.Popen(["konqueror", "--silent", url],
  309. close_fds=True, stdin=devnull,
  310. stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull,
  311. start_new_session=True)
  312. except OSError:
  313. # fall through to next variant
  314. pass
  315. else:
  316. if p.poll() is None:
  317. # Should be running now.
  318. return True
  319. try:
  320. p = subprocess.Popen(["kfm", "-d", url],
  321. close_fds=True, stdin=devnull,
  322. stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull,
  323. start_new_session=True)
  324. except OSError:
  325. return False
  326. else:
  327. return (p.poll() is None)
  328. class Grail(BaseBrowser):
  329. # There should be a way to maintain a connection to Grail, but the
  330. # Grail remote control protocol doesn't really allow that at this
  331. # point. It probably never will!
  332. def _find_grail_rc(self):
  333. import glob
  334. import pwd
  335. import socket
  336. import tempfile
  337. tempdir = os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(),
  338. ".grail-unix")
  339. user = pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid())[0]
  340. filename = os.path.join(tempdir, user + "-*")
  341. maybes = glob.glob(filename)
  342. if not maybes:
  343. return None
  344. s = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
  345. for fn in maybes:
  346. # need to PING each one until we find one that's live
  347. try:
  348. s.connect(fn)
  349. except OSError:
  350. # no good; attempt to clean it out, but don't fail:
  351. try:
  352. os.unlink(fn)
  353. except OSError:
  354. pass
  355. else:
  356. return s
  357. def _remote(self, action):
  358. s = self._find_grail_rc()
  359. if not s:
  360. return 0
  361. s.send(action)
  362. s.close()
  363. return 1
  364. def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
  365. if new:
  366. ok = self._remote("LOADNEW " + url)
  367. else:
  368. ok = self._remote("LOAD " + url)
  369. return ok
  370. #
  371. # Platform support for Unix
  372. #
  373. # These are the right tests because all these Unix browsers require either
  374. # a console terminal or an X display to run.
  375. def register_X_browsers():
  376. # use xdg-open if around
  377. if shutil.which("xdg-open"):
  378. register("xdg-open", None, BackgroundBrowser("xdg-open"))
  379. # The default GNOME3 browser
  380. if "GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID" in os.environ and shutil.which("gvfs-open"):
  381. register("gvfs-open", None, BackgroundBrowser("gvfs-open"))
  382. # The default GNOME browser
  383. if "GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID" in os.environ and shutil.which("gnome-open"):
  384. register("gnome-open", None, BackgroundBrowser("gnome-open"))
  385. # The default KDE browser
  386. if "KDE_FULL_SESSION" in os.environ and shutil.which("kfmclient"):
  387. register("kfmclient", Konqueror, Konqueror("kfmclient"))
  388. if shutil.which("x-www-browser"):
  389. register("x-www-browser", None, BackgroundBrowser("x-www-browser"))
  390. # The Mozilla browsers
  391. for browser in ("firefox", "iceweasel", "iceape", "seamonkey"):
  392. if shutil.which(browser):
  393. register(browser, None, Mozilla(browser))
  394. # The Netscape and old Mozilla browsers
  395. for browser in ("mozilla-firefox",
  396. "mozilla-firebird", "firebird",
  397. "mozilla", "netscape"):
  398. if shutil.which(browser):
  399. register(browser, None, Netscape(browser))
  400. # Konqueror/kfm, the KDE browser.
  401. if shutil.which("kfm"):
  402. register("kfm", Konqueror, Konqueror("kfm"))
  403. elif shutil.which("konqueror"):
  404. register("konqueror", Konqueror, Konqueror("konqueror"))
  405. # Gnome's Galeon and Epiphany
  406. for browser in ("galeon", "epiphany"):
  407. if shutil.which(browser):
  408. register(browser, None, Galeon(browser))
  409. # Skipstone, another Gtk/Mozilla based browser
  410. if shutil.which("skipstone"):
  411. register("skipstone", None, BackgroundBrowser("skipstone"))
  412. # Google Chrome/Chromium browsers
  413. for browser in ("google-chrome", "chrome", "chromium", "chromium-browser"):
  414. if shutil.which(browser):
  415. register(browser, None, Chrome(browser))
  416. # Opera, quite popular
  417. if shutil.which("opera"):
  418. register("opera", None, Opera("opera"))
  419. # Next, Mosaic -- old but still in use.
  420. if shutil.which("mosaic"):
  421. register("mosaic", None, BackgroundBrowser("mosaic"))
  422. # Grail, the Python browser. Does anybody still use it?
  423. if shutil.which("grail"):
  424. register("grail", Grail, None)
  425. def register_standard_browsers():
  426. global _tryorder
  427. _tryorder = []
  428. if sys.platform == 'darwin':
  429. register("MacOSX", None, MacOSXOSAScript('default'))
  430. register("chrome", None, MacOSXOSAScript('chrome'))
  431. register("firefox", None, MacOSXOSAScript('firefox'))
  432. register("safari", None, MacOSXOSAScript('safari'))
  433. # OS X can use below Unix support (but we prefer using the OS X
  434. # specific stuff)
  435. if sys.platform[:3] == "win":
  436. # First try to use the default Windows browser
  437. register("windows-default", WindowsDefault)
  438. # Detect some common Windows browsers, fallback to IE
  439. iexplore = os.path.join(os.environ.get("PROGRAMFILES", "C:\\Program Files"),
  440. "Internet Explorer\\IEXPLORE.EXE")
  441. for browser in ("firefox", "firebird", "seamonkey", "mozilla",
  442. "netscape", "opera", iexplore):
  443. if shutil.which(browser):
  444. register(browser, None, BackgroundBrowser(browser))
  445. else:
  446. # Prefer X browsers if present
  447. if os.environ.get("DISPLAY") or os.environ.get("WAYLAND_DISPLAY"):
  448. try:
  449. cmd = "xdg-settings get default-web-browser".split()
  450. raw_result = subprocess.check_output(cmd, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
  451. result = raw_result.decode().strip()
  452. except (FileNotFoundError, subprocess.CalledProcessError):
  453. pass
  454. else:
  455. global _os_preferred_browser
  456. _os_preferred_browser = result
  457. register_X_browsers()
  458. # Also try console browsers
  459. if os.environ.get("TERM"):
  460. if shutil.which("www-browser"):
  461. register("www-browser", None, GenericBrowser("www-browser"))
  462. # The Links/elinks browsers <http://artax.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~mikulas/links/>
  463. if shutil.which("links"):
  464. register("links", None, GenericBrowser("links"))
  465. if shutil.which("elinks"):
  466. register("elinks", None, Elinks("elinks"))
  467. # The Lynx browser <http://lynx.isc.org/>, <http://lynx.browser.org/>
  468. if shutil.which("lynx"):
  469. register("lynx", None, GenericBrowser("lynx"))
  470. # The w3m browser <http://w3m.sourceforge.net/>
  471. if shutil.which("w3m"):
  472. register("w3m", None, GenericBrowser("w3m"))
  473. # OK, now that we know what the default preference orders for each
  474. # platform are, allow user to override them with the BROWSER variable.
  475. if "BROWSER" in os.environ:
  476. userchoices = os.environ["BROWSER"].split(os.pathsep)
  477. userchoices.reverse()
  478. # Treat choices in same way as if passed into get() but do register
  479. # and prepend to _tryorder
  480. for cmdline in userchoices:
  481. if cmdline != '':
  482. cmd = _synthesize(cmdline, preferred=True)
  483. if cmd[1] is None:
  484. register(cmdline, None, GenericBrowser(cmdline), preferred=True)
  485. # what to do if _tryorder is now empty?
  486. #
  487. # Platform support for Windows
  488. #
  489. if sys.platform[:3] == "win":
  490. class WindowsDefault(BaseBrowser):
  491. def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
  492. try:
  493. os.startfile(url)
  494. except OSError:
  495. # [Error 22] No application is associated with the specified
  496. # file for this operation: '<URL>'
  497. return False
  498. else:
  499. return True
  500. #
  501. # Platform support for MacOS
  502. #
  503. if sys.platform == 'darwin':
  504. # Adapted from patch submitted to SourceForge by Steven J. Burr
  505. class MacOSX(BaseBrowser):
  506. """Launcher class for Aqua browsers on Mac OS X
  507. Optionally specify a browser name on instantiation. Note that this
  508. will not work for Aqua browsers if the user has moved the application
  509. package after installation.
  510. If no browser is specified, the default browser, as specified in the
  511. Internet System Preferences panel, will be used.
  512. """
  513. def __init__(self, name):
  514. self.name = name
  515. def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
  516. assert "'" not in url
  517. # hack for local urls
  518. if not ':' in url:
  519. url = 'file:'+url
  520. # new must be 0 or 1
  521. new = int(bool(new))
  522. if self.name == "default":
  523. # User called open, open_new or get without a browser parameter
  524. script = 'open location "%s"' % url.replace('"', '%22') # opens in default browser
  525. else:
  526. # User called get and chose a browser
  527. if self.name == "OmniWeb":
  528. toWindow = ""
  529. else:
  530. # Include toWindow parameter of OpenURL command for browsers
  531. # that support it. 0 == new window; -1 == existing
  532. toWindow = "toWindow %d" % (new - 1)
  533. cmd = 'OpenURL "%s"' % url.replace('"', '%22')
  534. script = '''tell application "%s"
  535. activate
  536. %s %s
  537. end tell''' % (self.name, cmd, toWindow)
  538. # Open pipe to AppleScript through osascript command
  539. osapipe = os.popen("osascript", "w")
  540. if osapipe is None:
  541. return False
  542. # Write script to osascript's stdin
  543. osapipe.write(script)
  544. rc = osapipe.close()
  545. return not rc
  546. class MacOSXOSAScript(BaseBrowser):
  547. def __init__(self, name):
  548. self._name = name
  549. def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
  550. if self._name == 'default':
  551. script = 'open location "%s"' % url.replace('"', '%22') # opens in default browser
  552. else:
  553. script = '''
  554. tell application "%s"
  555. activate
  556. open location "%s"
  557. end
  558. '''%(self._name, url.replace('"', '%22'))
  559. osapipe = os.popen("osascript", "w")
  560. if osapipe is None:
  561. return False
  562. osapipe.write(script)
  563. rc = osapipe.close()
  564. return not rc
  565. def main():
  566. import getopt
  567. usage = """Usage: %s [-n | -t] url
  568. -n: open new window
  569. -t: open new tab""" % sys.argv[0]
  570. try:
  571. opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'ntd')
  572. except getopt.error as msg:
  573. print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
  574. print(usage, file=sys.stderr)
  575. sys.exit(1)
  576. new_win = 0
  577. for o, a in opts:
  578. if o == '-n': new_win = 1
  579. elif o == '-t': new_win = 2
  580. if len(args) != 1:
  581. print(usage, file=sys.stderr)
  582. sys.exit(1)
  583. url = args[0]
  584. open(url, new_win)
  585. print("\a")
  586. if __name__ == "__main__":
  587. main()