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  91. <h1 class="text-center">Uniquely Label Connected Regions</h1>
    92. 

  92. <p class="lead magick-description">Connected-component labeling (alternatively connected-component analysis, blob extraction, region labeling, blob discovery, or region extraction) uniquely labels connected components in an image.  The labeling process scans the image, pixel-by-pixel from top-left to bottom-right, in order to identify connected pixel regions, i.e. regions of adjacent pixels which share the same set of intensity values.  For example, let's find the objects in this image:</p>
    93. 

  93. <ul>
    94. 

  94.   <a href="../images/objects.gif"><img src="../images/objects.gif" width="256" height="171" class="image-slices" alt="purse" /></a>
    95. 

  95. </ul>
    96. 

  96. <p>To identify the objects in this image, use this command:</p>
    97. 

  97. <pre class="bg-light text-dark mx-4 cli"><samp>magick objects.gif -connected-components 4 -auto-level -depth 8 objects.png</samp></pre>
    98. 

  98. <p>The detected objects are uniquely labeled.  Use auto leveling to visualize the detected objects:</p>
    99. 

  99. <ul>
    100. 

  100.   <a href="../images/objects.png"><img src="../images/objects.png" width="256" height="171" class="image-slices" alt="Objects" /></a>
    101. 

  101. </ul>
    102. 

  102. <p>Object statistics is useful to review.  To display them, use this command:</p>
    103. 

  103. <pre class="bg-light text-dark mx-4 cli"><samp>magick objects.gif -define connected-components:verbose=true -connected-components 4 objects.png</samp></pre>
    104. 

  104. <p>Five objects were detected in the source image with these statistics:</p>
    105. 

  105. <pre class="bg-light text-dark mx-4"><samp>Objects (id: bounding-box centroid area mean-color):
    106. 

  106.   0: 256x171+0+0 119.2,80.8 33117 srgb(0,0,0)
    107. 

  107.   2: 120x135+104+18 159.5,106.5 8690 srgb(255,255,255)
    108. 

  108.   3: 50x36+129+44 154.2,63.4 1529 srgb(0,0,0)
    109. 

  109.   4: 21x23+0+45 8.8,55.9 409 srgb(255,255,255)
    110. 

  110.   1: 4x10+252+0 253.9,4.1 31 srgb(255,255,255)
    111. 

  111. </samp></pre>
    112. 

  112. <p>Add <samp>-define connected-components:exclude-header=true</samp> to show the objects without the header-line.  Add <samp>-define connected-components:exclude-ids=true</samp>. Use <samp>-define connected-components:sort=<var>area | width | height | x | y</samp> to sort the verbose connected components objects.  By default, the objects are listed in decreasing area.  Add <samp>-define connected-components:sort-order=<var>increasing | decreasing</var> to specify the sort order.</p>
    113. 

  113. <p>Use <samp>-connected-components 8</samp> to visit 8 neighbors rather than 4.  By default, neighbor colors must be exact to be part of a unique object. Use the <a href="../www/command-line-options.html#fuzz">-fuzz</a> option to include pixels as part of an object that are <var>close</var> in color.</p>
    114. 

  114. <p>You might want to eliminate small objects by merging them with their larger neighbors.  If so, use this command:</p>
    115. 

  115. <pre class="bg-light text-dark mx-4 cli"><samp>magick objects.gif -define connected-components:area-threshold=410 -connected-components 4 \
    116. 

  116.   -auto-level objects.jpg</samp></pre>
    117. 

  117. <p>Here are the expected results.  Notice, how the small objects are now merged with the background.</p>
    118. 

  118. <ul>
    119. 

  119.   <a href="../images/objects.jpg"><img src="../images/objects.jpg" width="256" height="171" class="image-slices" alt="Objects" /></a>
    120. 

  120. </ul>
    121. 

  121. <p>Notice how two of the objects were merged leaving three remaining objects:</p>
    122. 

  122. <pre class="bg-light text-dark mx-4"><samp>Objects (id: bounding-box centroid area mean-color):
    123. 

  123.   0: 256x171+0+0 118.0,80.4 33557 srgb(0,0,0)
    124. 

  124.   2: 120x135+104+18 159.5,106.5 8690 srgb(255,255,255)
    125. 

  125.   3: 50x36+129+44 154.2,63.4 1529 srgb(0,0,0)</samp></pre>
    126. 

  126. <p>By default, the labeled image is grayscale.  You can instead replace the object color in the labeled image with the mean-color from the source image. Simply add this setting, <samp>-define connected-components:mean-color=true</samp>, to your command line.</p>
    127. 

  127. <p>Thresholds can optionally include ranges, e.g. <samp>-define connected-components:area-threshold=410-1600</samp>. To keep the background object, identify it with <samp>-define connected-components:background-id=<var>object-id</var></samp>.  The default background object is the object with the largest area.</p>
    128. 

  128. <p>In addition to area, there is support for these thresholding metrics:</p>
    129. 

  129. <ul>
    130. 

  130. <li>connected-components:angle-threshold (from equivalent ellipse)</li>
    131. 

  131. <li>connected-components:circularity-threshold (4*pi*area/perimeter^2)</li>
    132. 

  132. <li>connected-components:diameter-threshold (sqrt(4*area/pi))</li>
    133. 

  133. <li>connected-components:eccentricity-threshold (from equivalent ellipse)</li>
    134. 

  134. <li>connected-components:major-axis-threshold (diameter from equivalent ellipse)</li>
    135. 

  135. <li>connected-components:minor-axis-threshold (diameter from equivalent ellipse)</li>
    136. 

  136. <li>connected-components:perimeter-threshold</li>
    137. 

  137. </ul>
    138. 

  138. <p>You may want to remove certain objects.  Use <samp>-define connected-components:remove-ids=<em>list-of-ids</em></samp> (e.g. -define connected-components:remove-ids=2,4-5).  Or use <samp>-define connected-components:keep-ids=<em>list-of-ids</em></samp> to keep these objects and merge all others. For convenience, you can keep the top objects with this option: <samp>-define connected-components:keep-top=<em>number-of-objects</em></samp>. Rather than object ids, you can instead remove or keep objects identified by there color, e.g. <samp>-define connected-components:keep-colors=<em>red;green;blue</em></samp>.</p>
    139. 

  139. <p>Objects in your image may look homogeneous but have slightly different color values.  By default, only pixels that match exactly are considered as part of a particular object.  For slight variations of color in an object, use <samp>-fuzz</samp>.  For example,</p>
    140. 

  140. <pre class="bg-light text-dark mx-4 cli"><samp>magick star-map.png -fuzz 5% -define connected-components:verbose=true \
    141. 

  141.   -define connected-components:mean-color=true -connected-components 4 stars.gif</samp></pre>
    142. 

  142. <h4>Connected Components</h4>
    143. 

  143. <p>The algorithm walks through the pixels of a component, in the usual row-column order, looking for a component above or to the left.  For the component at top-left, there are no components above or to the left to merge into.  As a result, there are special cases where you need to rotate, repeat the connected components, then rotate back.  For example</p>
    144. 

  144. <pre class="bg-light text-dark mx-4"><samp> magick  \
    145. 

  145.   objects.gif  \
    146. 

  146.   -define connected-components:verbose=true \
    147. 

  147.   -define connected-components:area-threshold=6000 \
    148. 

  148.   -virtual-pixel None \
    149. 

  149.   -connected-components 4 -rotate 180 \
    150. 

  150.   -connected-components 4 -rotate -180 \
    151. 

  151.   objects.png
    152. 

  152. </samp></pre>
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